At the end of the last chapter, Mosheh handed over all authority to his successor, Yehoshu'a, and was supposedly making preparations to go up Mount Avarim, where, in this version anyway, he was to spend his final days. And yet here he still is, Commander-in-Chief as well as President, and head of the Supreme Court as well, handing down his ruling on the important matter of the method of grilling meat for the festivals. Why is it not Yehoshu'a who is now receiving these instructions from the deity? Is the order of the text, rather than the chronology of the history, the problem?
All of the instructions given in this chapter have been given previously; for this reason I am not going to comment on the detail of the instructions: why sacrificial animals must be "without blemish", or why certain quantities of flour or oil; these have all been dealt with in the previous instance.
וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹר
KJ (King James translation): And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
BN (BibleNet translation): Then YHVH spoke to Mosheh, saying:
28:2 TSAV ET BENEY YISRA-EL VE AMARTA ALEYHEM ET KARBANI LACHMI LE ISHAI REYACH NICHOCHI TISHMERU LEHAKRIYV LI BE MO'ADO
צַו אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתָּ אֲלֵהֶם אֶת קָרְבָּנִי לַחְמִי לְאִשַּׁי רֵיחַ נִיחֹחִי תִּשְׁמְרוּ לְהַקְרִיב לִי בְּמוֹעֲדוֹ
KJ: Command the children of Israel, and say unto them, My offering, and my bread for my sacrifices made by fire, for a sweet savour unto me, shall ye observe to offer unto me in their due season.
BN: Instruct the Beney Yisra-El, and say to them: The food which is presented to me as a fire-offering, of a sweet savour to me, you shall observe this offering to me in its due season.
But which "due season"? This appears to be incipiting a specific festival, but it does not name it. Verse 6 will clarify this.
28:3 VE AMARTA LAHEM ZEH HA ISHEH ASHER TAKRIYVU LA YHVH KEVASIM BENEY SHANAH TEMIYMIM SHENAYIM LA YOM OLAH TAMID
וְאָמַרְתָּ לָהֶם זֶה הָאִשֶּׁה אֲשֶׁר תַּקְרִיבוּ לַיהוָה כְּבָשִׂים בְּנֵי שָׁנָה תְמִימִם שְׁנַיִם לַיּוֹם עֹלָה תָמִיד
KJ: And thou shalt say unto them, This is the offering made by fire which ye shall offer unto the LORD; two lambs of the first year without spot day by day, for a continual burnt offering.
BN: And you shall say to them: This is the fire-offering which you shall bring to YHVH: first year he-lambs without blemish, two each day, for a continual burnt-offering.
28:4 ET HA KEVES ECHAD VA BOKER VE ET HA KEVES HA SHENI TA'ASEH BEYN HA ARBA'IM
אֶת הַכֶּבֶשׂ אֶחָד תַּעֲשֶׂה בַבֹּקֶר וְאֵת הַכֶּבֶשׂ הַשֵּׁנִי תַּעֲשֶׂה בֵּין הָעַרְבָּיִם
KJ: The one lamb shalt thou offer in the morning, and the other lamb shalt thou offer at even;
BN: You shall bring one lamb in the morning, and the second lamb at dusk.
28:5 VA ASIYRIT HA EYPHAH SOLET LE MINCHAH BE LULAH BE SHEMEN KATIT REVIYIT HA HIN
וַעֲשִׂירִית הָאֵיפָה סֹלֶת לְמִנְחָה בְּלוּלָה בְּשֶׁמֶן כָּתִית רְבִיעִת הַהִין
KJ: And a tenth part of an ephah of flour for a meat offering, mingled with the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil.
BN: And the tenth part of an ephah of fine flour for a meal-offering, mingled with the fourth part of a hin of beaten oil.
As noted many times previously (including in Numbers 15:4 ff,where I have written about these quantities; and see also here), the Tanach contains every known form of writing - it is even a recipe book!
28:6 OLAT TAMID HA'ASUYAH BE HAR SINAI LE REYACH NICHO'ACH ISHEH LA YHVH
עֹלַת תָּמִיד הָעֲשֻׂיָה בְּהַר סִינַי לְרֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ אִשֶּׁה לַיהוָה
KJ: It is a continual burnt offering, which was ordained in mount Sinai for a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD.
BN: This is the continual burnt-offering which was initiated on Mount Sinai, for a sweet savour, an offering made by fire to YHVH.
The "due season" is thus "every day". The original was given in Exodus 29:38 ff, and the wording is vitually identical - which also invites the same question again, though for a very different reason this time: why is the text here?
28:7 VE NISKO REVIYIT HA HIN LA KEVES HA ECHAD BA KODESH HASECH NESECH SHECHAR LA YHVH
וְנִסְכּוֹ רְבִיעִת הַהִין לַכֶּבֶשׂ הָאֶחָד בַּקֹּדֶשׁ הַסֵּךְ נֶסֶךְ שֵׁכָר לַיהוָה
KJ: And the drink offering thereof shall be the fourth part of an hin for the one lamb: in the holy place shalt thou cause the strong wine to be poured unto the LORD for a drink offering.
BN: And its drink-offering shall be the fourth part of a hin for the first lamb; you shall pour out a drink-offering of strong drink to YHVH.
28:8 VE ET HA KEVES HA SHENI TA'ASEH BEYN HA ARBA'IM KE MINCHAT HA BOKER U KE NISKO TA'ASEH ISHEH REYACH NICHO'ACH LA YHVH
וְאֵת הַכֶּבֶשׂ הַשֵּׁנִי תַּעֲשֶׂה בֵּין הָעַרְבָּיִם כְּמִנְחַת הַבֹּקֶר וּכְנִסְכּוֹ תַּעֲשֶׂה אִשֵּׁה רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ לַיהוָה
KJ: And the other lamb shalt thou offer at even: as the meat offering of the morning, and as the drink offering thereof, thou shalt offer it, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.
BN: And you shall present the second lamb at dusk; like the meal-offering in the morning, and like its drink-offering, so shall you present it, a fire-offering of sweet savour to YHVH.
My revised translation of 1-8 in "A Myrtle Among Reeds":
"The Lord spoke to Moses saying, 'Command the children of Israel, and tell them that they are to be scrupulous in offering to Me, at their appointed times, My offering, the food for My fires, and My satisfying aroma. Tell them that the fire-offering they are to bring to the Lord should consist of male lambs in their first year, unblemished, two per day, as a perpetual elevation offering. You are to perform one lamb-service in the morning, and the second lamb-service in the afternoon, with a tenth of an ephah of fine flour for a meal-offering, mixed with a quarter-hin of crushed olive oil. This is the continual elevation offering that was made at Mount Sinai, for a satisfying aroma, a fire offering to the Lord. Its libation is a quarter-hin for each lamb, to be poured onto the Holy Altar, a fermented libation to the Lord. The second lamb-service you are to perform in the afternoon, with the same meal offering and libation as in the morning, as a fire offering for the satisfying aroma to the Lord. He is to slaughter the lamb on the north side of the Altar before the Lord, and Aaron’s sons the Cohanim are to dash the blood upon the Altar, all around.'"pey break
28:9 U VE YOM HA SHABAT SHNEY CHEVASIM BENEY SHANAH TEMIMIM U SHENEY ESRONIM SOLET MINCHAH BE LULAH VA SHEMEN VE NISKO
וּבְיוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת שְׁנֵי כְבָשִׂים בְּנֵי שָׁנָה תְּמִימִם וּשְׁנֵי עֶשְׂרֹנִים סֹלֶת מִנְחָה בְּלוּלָה בַשֶּׁמֶן וְנִסְכּוֹ
KJ: And on the sabbath day two lambs of the first year without spot, and two tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, and the drink offering thereof:
BN: And on the Sabbath day two yearling he-lambs without blemish, and two tenth parts of an ephah of fine flour for a meal-offering, mingled with oil, and the drink-offering thereof.
Sung as part of the Shabat liturgy in most synagogues today; as is the next verse.
28:10 OLAT SHABAT BE SHABATO AL OLAT HA TAMID VE NISKAH
עֹלַת שַׁבַּת בְּשַׁבַּתּוֹ עַל עֹלַת הַתָּמִיד וְנִסְכָּהּ
KJ: This is the burnt offering of every sabbath, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering.
BN: This is the burnt-offering of every Shabat, beside the continual burnt-offering, and its the drink-offering.
pey break
28:11 U VE RASHEY CHADSHEYCHEM TAKRIVU OLAH LA YHVH PARIM BENEY VAKAR SHENAYIM VE AYIL ECHAD KEVASIM BENEY SHANAH SHIVAH TEMIYMIM
וּבְרָאשֵׁי חָדְשֵׁיכֶם תַּקְרִיבוּ עֹלָה לַיהוָה פָּרִים בְּנֵי בָקָר שְׁנַיִם וְאַיִל אֶחָד כְּבָשִׂים בְּנֵי שָׁנָה שִׁבְעָה תְּמִימִם
KJ: And in the beginnings of your months ye shall offer a burnt offering unto the LORD; two young bullocks, and one ram, seven lambs of the first year without spot;
BN: And on your new moons you shall present a burnt-offering to YHVH: two young bullocks, and one ram, seven yearling he-lambs without blemish.
28:12 U SHELOSHAH ESRONIM SOLET MINCHAH BE LULAH VA SHEMEN LA PAR HA ECHAD U SHENEY ESRONIM SOLET MINCHAH BE LULAH VA SHEMEN LA AYIL HA ECHAD
וּשְׁלֹשָׁה עֶשְׂרֹנִים סֹלֶת מִנְחָה בְּלוּלָה בַשֶּׁמֶן לַפָּר הָאֶחָד וּשְׁנֵי עֶשְׂרֹנִים סֹלֶת מִנְחָה בְּלוּלָה בַשֶּׁמֶן לָאַיִל הָאֶחָד
KJ: And three tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one bullock; and two tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one ram;
BN: And three tenth parts of an ephah of fine flour for a meal-offering, mingled with oil, for each bullock; and two tenth parts of fine flour for a meal-offering, mingled with oil, for the one ram.
I probably should have noted this many chapters or even books ago, but the truth is it has only now struck me as being in any way significant - that the Torah uses the decimal system to determine the ingredients of its sacrifices. I am not aware of it using the decimal system for anything else - if anything it uses duodecimal (base 12) or sexagesimal (base 60), the latter being the system used in Bav-El (Babylon).
28:13 VE ISARON ISARON SOLET MINCHAH BE LULAH VA SHEMEN LA KEVES HA ECHAD OLAH REYACH NICHO'ACH ISHEH LA YHVH
וְעִשָּׂרֹן עִשָּׂרוֹן סֹלֶת מִנְחָה בְּלוּלָה בַשֶּׁמֶן לַכֶּבֶשׂ הָאֶחָד עֹלָה רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ אִשֶּׁה לַיהוָה
KJ: And a several tenth deal of flour mingled with oil for a meat offering unto one lamb; for a burnt offering of a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD.
BN: And a tenth of a tenth part of fine flour mingled with oil for a meal-offering with each lamb; for a burnt-offering of a sweet savour, a fire-offering made to YHVH.
ISARON ISARON really doesn't translate well as "several tenth parts"; far too vague. Is 3/10s several, or do I need five, eight? I believe the intention behind the repetition of the word is that it is 1/10th of 1/10th.
28:14 VE NISKEYHEM CHATSI HA HIN YIHEYEH LA PAR U SHELISHIT HA HIN LA AYIL U REVIYIT HA HIN LA KEVES YAYIN ZOT OLAT CHODESH BE CHADSHO LE CHADSHEY HA SHANAH
וְנִסְכֵּיהֶם חֲצִי הַהִין יִהְיֶה לַפָּר וּשְׁלִישִׁת הַהִין לָאַיִל וּרְבִיעִת הַהִין לַכֶּבֶשׂ יָיִן זֹאת עֹלַת חֹדֶשׁ בְּחָדְשׁוֹ לְחָדְשֵׁי הַשָּׁנָה
KJ: And their drink offerings shall be half an hin of wine unto a bullock, and the third part of an hin unto a ram, and a fourth part of an hin unto a lamb: this is the burnt offering of every month throughout the months of the year.
BN: And their drink-offerings shall be a half-hin of wine for a bullock, and the third part of a hin for the ram, and the fourth part of a hin for a lamb. This is the burnt-offering of every new moon throughout the months of the year.
28:15 U SE'IR IZIM ECHAD LE CHATAT LA YHVH AL OLAT HA TAMID YE'ASEH VE NISKO
וּשְׂעִיר עִזִּים אֶחָד לְחַטָּאת לַיהוָה עַל עֹלַת הַתָּמִיד יֵעָשֶׂה וְנִסְכּוֹ
KJ: And one kid of the goats for a sin offering unto the LORD shall be offered, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering.
BN: And one he-goat for a sin-offering to YHVH; it shall be offered beside the continual burnt-offering, and its drink-offering.
samech break
28:16 U VA CHODESH HA RISHON BE ARBA'AH ASAR YOM LA CHODESH PESACH LA YHVH
וּבַחֹדֶשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן בְּאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר יוֹם לַחֹדֶשׁ פֶּסַח לַיהוָה
KJ: And in the fourteenth day of the first month is the passover of the LORD.
BN: And in the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month, is YHVH'S Pesach.
Note that this was regarded as the first month, and not Tishrey, where Rosh ha Shana now falls as the first month of the year; a spring new year for a creator deity is much more logical - click here for more detail of the Yisra-Eli calendar.
28:17 U VA CHAMISHAH ASAR YOM LA CHODESH HA ZEH CHAG SHIVAT YAMIM MATSOT YE'ACHEL
וּבַחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר יוֹם לַחֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּה חָג שִׁבְעַת יָמִים מַצּוֹת יֵאָכֵל
KJ: And in the fifteenth day of this month is the feast: seven days shall unleavened bread be eaten.
BN: And on the fifteenth day of this month shall be a feast; for seven days unleavened bread shall be eaten.
The fifteenth of a lunar month being the night of the full moon - so the festival is honouring the goddess, not the deity: to which we can only say Hallelu-Yah.
28:18 BA YOM HA RISHON MIKRA KODESH KOL MEL'ECHET AVODAH LO TA'ASU
בַּיּוֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן מִקְרָא קֹדֶשׁ כָּל מְלֶאכֶת עֲבֹדָה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ
KJ: In the first day shall be an holy convocation; ye shall do no manner of servile work therein:
BN: On the first day there shall be a holy convocation; you shall do no manner of servile work.
The concept of MEL'ECHET AVODAH has been discussed on several previous occasions, most significantly in the giving of the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20:8 ff. In the Talmudic Jewish world, post-70 CE, Mel'echet Avodah has been regarded as any of 39 forms of work (click here), though these are not in fact given in the Torah and not all Jews accept them. See my continuation of this note at verse 25.
28:19 VE HIKRAVTEM ISHEH OLAH LA YHVH PARIM BENEY VAKAR SHENAYIM VE AYIL ECHAD VE SHIVAH CHEVASIM BENEY SHANAH TEMIMIM YIHEYU LACHEM
וְהִקְרַבְתֶּם אִשֶּׁה עֹלָה לַיהוָה פָּרִים בְּנֵי בָקָר שְׁנַיִם וְאַיִל אֶחָד וְשִׁבְעָה כְבָשִׂים בְּנֵי שָׁנָה תְּמִימִם יִהְיוּ לָכֶם
KJ: But ye shall offer a sacrifice made by fire for a burnt offering unto the LORD; two young bullocks, and one ram, and seven lambs of the first year: they shall be unto you without blemish:
BN: But you shall present a fire-offering, a burnt-offering to YHVH: two young bullocks, and one ram, and seven yearling he-lambs; you shall choose only those that have no blemishes.
28:20 U MINCHATAM SOLET BE LULAH VA SHEMEN SHELOSHAH ESRONIM LA PAR U SHENEY ESRONIM LA AYIL TA'ASU
וּמִנְחָתָם סֹלֶת בְּלוּלָה בַשָּׁמֶן שְׁלֹשָׁה עֶשְׂרֹנִים לַפָּר וּשְׁנֵי עֶשְׂרֹנִים לָאַיִל תַּעֲשׂוּ
KJ: And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil: three tenth deals shall ye offer for a bullock, and two tenth deals for a ram;
BN: And their meal-offering, fine flour mingled with oil; you shall offer three tenth parts for a bullock, and two tenth parts for the ram.
28:21 ISARON ISARON TA'ASEH LA KEVES HA ECHAD LE SHIVAT HA KEVASIM
עִשָּׂרוֹן עִשָּׂרוֹן תַּעֲשֶׂה לַכֶּבֶשׂ הָאֶחָד לְשִׁבְעַת הַכְּבָשִׂים
KJ: A several tenth deal shalt thou offer for every lamb, throughout the seven lambs:
BN: And you shall offer a tenth part of a tenth part for each one of the seven lambs.
This sounds like YHVH ordering his steak in the restaurant in three ounce pieces (and yes, extremely well-done; the blood-prohibitions preclude medium rare).
ISARON: see my note to verse 13.
28:22 U SE'IR CHATAT ECHAD LECHAPER ALEYCHEM
וּשְׂעִיר חַטָּאת אֶחָד לְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיכֶם
KJ: And one goat for a sin offering, to make an atonement for you.
BN: And one he-goat for a sin-offering, to make atonement for you.
28:23 MILVAD OLAT HA BOKER ASHER LE OLAT HA TAMID TA'ASU ET ELEH
מִלְּבַד עֹלַת הַבֹּקֶר אֲשֶׁר לְעֹלַת הַתָּמִיד תַּעֲשׂוּ אֶת אֵלֶּה
KJ: Ye shall offer these beside the burnt offering in the morning, which is for a continual burnt offering.
BN: You shall offer these in addition to the burnt-offering of the morning, which is the continual burnt-offering.
28:24 KA ELEH TA'ASU LA YOM SHIVAT YAMIM LECHEM ISHEH REYACH NICHO'ACH LA YHVH AL OLAT HA TAMID YE'ASEH VE NISKO
כָּאֵלֶּה תַּעֲשׂוּ לַיּוֹם שִׁבְעַת יָמִים לֶחֶם אִשֵּׁה רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ לַיהוָה עַל עוֹלַת הַתָּמִיד יֵעָשֶׂה וְנִסְכּוֹ
BN: In this way you shall offer, every day for seven days, the food of the fire-offering, sweet to the taste for YHVH; it shall be offered beside the continual burnt-offering, and its drink-offering.
"Sweet to the taste for YHVH": I have been searching for a better translation for this phrase than "for a sweet savour to the Lord", and at last I believe I may have found it.
Note that the sacrifices are every day, without a day of rest on the Sabbath, and indeed without a day of rest even on the Fast Days, even on Yom Kippur itself. Just because it can't be eaten by humankind is no reason to deprive YHVH of his sweet savour fix.
28:25 U VA YOM HA SHEVIYI MIKRA KODESH YIHEYEH LACHEM KOL MELECHET AVODAH LI TA'ASU
וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי מִקְרָא קֹדֶשׁ יִהְיֶה לָכֶם כָּל מְלֶאכֶת עֲבֹדָה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ
KJ: And on the seventh day ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work.
BN: And on the seventh day you shall hold a holy convocation; you shall do no manner of servile work.
KOL MELECHET AVODAH: This, and verse 18, provide one of the most significant clarifications in the entire law-code, and the orthodox always skim over it, or avoid it altogether if they can, and never include it in their lists of reference-points when they discuss what precisely is intended by "resting" on the Sabbath. "Servile work" - I have alluded to this on virtually every occasion that the matter has arisen since the Book of Exodus first introduced it; "servile work" means the tasks of the employees, the slaves, the household servants, the indentured labourers. And this is the clarification: Have a day off and do what you want to do, to rest the mind, the spirit, the body. Play golf. Go to White Hart Lane and watch Spurs thrash Arsenal again. Take your kids to the cinema or the adventure playground. Drive to shul and join the community for the prayers, but don't forget your computer, or a pen and notebook, for the study group before or afterwards. Honour the Sabbath by making it the one day in the week when you have the life you want to have, unbound by employment contracts.
samech break
28:26 U VE YOM HA BIKURIM BE HAKRIYVCHEM MINCHAH CHADASHAH LA YHVH BE SHAVU'OTEYCHEM MIKRA KODESH YIHEYEH LACHEM KOL MELECHET AVODAY LA TA'ASU
וּבְיוֹם הַבִּכּוּרִים בְּהַקְרִיבְכֶם מִנְחָה חֲדָשָׁה לַיהוָה בְּשָׁבֻעֹתֵיכֶם מִקְרָא קֹדֶשׁ יִהְיֶה לָכֶם כָּל מְלֶאכֶת עֲבֹדָה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ
BN: Also on the day of the first-fruits, when you bring a new meal-offering to YHVH on your Feast of Weeks, you shall hold a holy convocation: you shall do no manner of servile work.
28:27 VE HIKRAVTEM OLAH LE REYACH NICHO'ACH LA YHVH PARIM BENEY VAKAR SHENAYIM AYIL ECHAD SHIVAH CHEVASIM BENEY SHANAH
וְהִקְרַבְתֶּם עוֹלָה לְרֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ לַיהוָה פָּרִים בְּנֵי בָקָר שְׁנַיִם אַיִל אֶחָד שִׁבְעָה כְבָשִׂים בְּנֵי שָׁנָה
KJ: But ye shall offer the burnt offering for a sweet savour unto the LORD; two young bullocks, one ram, seven lambs of the first year;
BN: But you shall present a burnt-offering with a sweet savour to YHVH: two young bullocks, one ram, seven yearling he-lambs.
28:28 U MINCHATAM SOLET BE LULAH VA SHEMEN SHELOSHAH ESRONIM LA PAR HA ECHAD SHENEY ESRONIM LA AYIL HA ECHAD
וּמִנְחָתָם סֹלֶת בְּלוּלָה בַשָּׁמֶן שְׁלֹשָׁה עֶשְׂרֹנִים לַפָּר הָאֶחָד שְׁנֵי עֶשְׂרֹנִים לָאַיִל הָאֶחָד
KJ: And their meat offering of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals unto one bullock, two tenth deals unto one ram,
BN: And their meal-offering, fine flour mingled with oil, three tenth parts for each bullock, two tenth parts for the one ram.
28:29 ISARON ISARON LA KEVES HA ECHAD LE SHIVAT HA KEVASIM
עִשָּׂרוֹן עִשָּׂרוֹן לַכֶּבֶשׂ הָאֶחָד לְשִׁבְעַת הַכְּבָשִׂים
KJ: A several tenth deal unto one lamb, throughout the seven lambs;
BN: A tenth part of a tenth part for each of the seven lambs.
ISARON: see my note to verse 13.
28:30 SE'IR IZIM ECHAD LECHAPER ALEYCHEM
שְׂעִיר עִזִּים אֶחָד לְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיכֶם
KJ: And one kid of the goats, to make an atonement for you.
BN: One he-goat, to make atonement for you.
28:31 MILVAD OLAT HA TAMID U MINCHATO TA'ASU TEMIYMIM YIHEYU LACHEM VE NISKEYHEM
מִלְּבַד עֹלַת הַתָּמִיד וּמִנְחָתוֹ תַּעֲשׂוּ תְּמִימִם יִהְיוּ לָכֶם וְנִסְכֵּיהֶם
KJ: Ye shall offer them beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, (they shall be unto you without blemish) and their drink offerings.
BN: Beside the continual burnt-offering, and its meal-offering, you shall offer them - they shall be without blemish - and their drink-offerings.
One last thought before we move on, and no, not the mention yet again that the Beney Yisra-El had no sheep or oxen during the forty-year journey through the wilderness, and that therefore these laws about sacrificing them make no sense; not that, a different thought. How come, given that they were given all that manna for food because they had nothing else to eat throughout those years, how come they never made any sacrifice of any part of it, as a gratuity to the divine waiter, a way of saying thank you, which in Latin is gratis, whence both "gratuity" and "grace after meals".
pey break
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